Kilo Seven

The Computer Management console window has the majority of tools needs to manage your Windows machine, shown in two panes. Open it with:     • Click Start, then right-click Computer/My Computer and select Manage     • Navigate to Start, All Programs, Administrative Tools, Computer Management     • Open the Run prompt (Windows+R) then type compmgmt.msc The Device Manager, Event Viewer, Local Users and Groups, Services, and disk tools such as Disk Management appear in the console. Ever since XP, the Management Console (MMC) is a “master” console with multiple snap-ins which can be added.  It shows the last snap-in used and preserves all previously used consoles, so management is easier and quicker. Launch it by opening the Run prompt and entering MMC to open a blank console.  {Control-M} or File | Add/Remove Snap-in allows you to click the Add button to select the consoles you want such as Computer Management, Performance Logs and Alerts, or ActiveX Controls. You can also cha

To see more information about a specific device, double-click the device to open its properties sheet. Device properties sheets have a General tab and some combination of other tabs:     • General— Displays device type, manufacturer, location, status, troubleshoot button, and usage. All devices.     • Properties— Device-specific settings. Applies to multimedia devices.     • Driver— Driver details and version information. All devices.     • Details— Technical details about the device (added in Windows XP SP2). All devices.     • Policies— Optimizes external drives for quick removal or performance. USB, FireWire, and eSATA drives.     • Resources— Hardware resources such as IRQ, DMA, Memory and I/O port address. Applies to I/O devices. ,     • Volumes— Drive information such as status, type, capacity, and so on. Click Populate to retrieve information. Applies to hard disk drives.     • Power— Power available per port. Applies to USB root hubs and generic hubs.     • Po

Device Manager shows devices which are installed bycategorie, specific installed devices, and helps troubleshoot problems with devices. To use it in Vista/7, follow these steps:     1.  Start | right-click on Computer | select Properties - the System window will appear.     2. On the left side under Tasks, click the Device Manager link. To use it in XP/2000:     1. Control Panel | Open System Properties  or right-click My Computer and select Properties.     2. Pick the Hardware tab then choose Device Manager. To view the devices in a specific category, click the plus (+) sign next to the category name,     Note 1: There are two other ways to launch Device Manager. The first is by using the Search box within the Start menu. Just type device manager and then click the link for Device Manager that appears in the results box. The second is from the Computer Management console window. It opens the same way in Vista and XP. To open this, right-click on Computer (My Computer in

The command prompt allows you to type in programs with options , mostly for diagnosis, repair, and troubleshooting.   You can start a command-prompt session by clicking on the Command prompt option in the Start menu; it’s usually located in the Accessories menu on most versions of Windows. However, it’s faster to use the Run command:     • In XP/2000, do Start | Run |  type cmd | click OK.     • In Vista and 7, do Start | type cmd | press Enter, or press {Ctrl+Shift+Enter} to run in elevated mode (needed for some powerful executables).     • In any version: Hold down the Window key and press the letter R then release both {Win+R}

Explorer.exe  can be launched from the command prompt with your choice of these options: /n, /e, /root (plus an object), and /select (plus an object): /n  Open a single-pane window, normally the root of the Windows-installed drive (XP/2000) /e  Open in default view (XP/2000) /root,<object> Open window view of the object /select,<object> Open window view of the specified folder, file or program As the following examples demonstrate, the command line options can be used with local or network files and folders:     • Example 1: Explorer /select,X:\Program Files\Acme\Coyote.exe—Opens a window view with Coyote.exe selected.     • Example 2: Explorer /e,/root,C:\Program Files\Acme\RoadRunner.exe—Opens Explorer with drive C: expanded and RoadRunner.exe selected.     • Example 3: Explorer /root,\\TestSvr\TestShare—Opens a window view of the specified share.     • Example 4: Explorer /root,\\OtherSvr\OtherApps,select,OtherApp.exe—Opens a window view of the specified s

Although floppy disks, USB flash memory drives, and removable-media drives are preformatted at the factory, Format is still useful as a means to     • Erase the contents of a disk quickly, especially if it contains many files or folders.     • Place new sector markings across the disk.     • Create a bootable disk that can be used to run MS-DOS programs. Formatting Floppy and Hard Disks with Windows Explorer You can use Windows Explorer to format both hard drives and floppy disks. Right-click the drive you want to format, select Format, and the Format options for Windows are displayed (Windows 2000’s options are almost identical, except for the lack of the MS-DOS startup disk option). Windows 2000 doesn’t offer the Make an MS-DOS Startup Disk option, but is otherwise similar.

The FORMAT command rebuilds an empty file system on a floppy disk, removable-media disk, or a hard disk. In the process, the contents of the disk are overwritten, or the index of the files is erased ('quick' format). FORMAT works in very different ways, depending on whether it is used on a hard or floppy disk. When Format is used on a hard drive, it creates a master boot record, two file allocation tables, and a root directory (also referred to as the root folder). The rest of the drive is checked for disk surface errors—any defective areas are marked as bad to prevent their use by the operating system. Format appears to “destroy” the previous contents of a hard disk, but if you use Format on a hard disk by mistake, third-party data recovery programs can be used to retrieve data from the drive. This is possible because most of the disk surface is not changed by Format. If a floppy disk, USB flash memory drive, or removable-media disk is prepared with Format and the uncondit

You can test disk drives for problems and errors with the Chkdsk.exe program. It runs from the command line or from the Windows GUI. Check Now shows up before Defragmentation and Backup in the Windows disk Tools menu for a reason: Check your drive for errors first before you perform a defrag or a backup! Automatically fixing file system errors with recovery attempts of bad sectors also is a Chkdsk option. If you decide to automatically fix file system errors, Chkdsk will be set to run at the next restart, required since Chkdsk needs sole access to the drive. Chkdsk performs a three-phase test of the drive after the system is rebooted but before the desktop appears. You can also run Chkdsk from the command prompt. For options, type Chkdsk /? from the command prompt. In Vista, you will need to run this command in elevated mode:     • Start |All Programs | Accessories | Command Prompt | Right-click Command Prompt | select Run as Administrator | Click Continue at the permission w

Backup Status and Configuration replaces NTBackup in Vista. It can back up individual files as does Windows XP’s NTBackup and also also create up an entire image of your system  to the removable media of your choice, for example DVD,-R, with Complete PC Backup, using these steps:     1. Launch the Complete PC Backup with   Start | All | Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Backup Status and Configuration.     2. Click on the Complete PC Backup button.     3. Choose Create a Backup Now, and follow the directions. Have a lot of blanks ready that can hold an image of your operating system, such as DVD-R. Backup vs Copy/Xcopy/Drag & Drop? When planning to use a backup program or file copy to protect a file, think about these facts:     • Backups are typically compressed; file copies performed with COPY or XCOPY or with drag and drop from the Windows GUI generally are not (although open source ZIP utilities can provide a compressed command-line backup).     • Backups can

XP and 2000 include a backup program that can be run from the Windows GUI or from the command line, NTBackup. It runs in interactive mode or in wizard mode     Note:  The Microsoft Backup utility for Windows XP Home Edition must be installed manually from the \ValueAdd\MSFT\NTBACKUP folder on the Windows XP Home Edition CD.  Launch it from:     • From the System Tools submenu of the Start menu’s Accessories submenu     • From the command line (ntbackup.exe; for command-line options, open Help and Support Center and type ntbackup into the Search box)     • From the Tools menu of the drive properties sheet; choose Backup NTBackup supports backups to a wide variety of drive types, including tape drives, floppy disk drives, removable-media drives such as Zip, Jaz, and Rev drives, and external hard disks. A backup can be saved to a rewritable CD or DVD drive as long as the backup fits on a single disc, however, the backup file must be created first, it cannot be burned directly t

Ever since Windows 2000, Windows drives using NTFS have an extra tab, Security, on the file and folder properties sheet, which controls who can access and change a file. Specific users, or groups of users, can have these rights:  Full Control (incl. delete)  Modify - change a file  Read & Execute - open and run a file  Read - see into a file  Write - replace file contents  List Folder Contents - see what's inside a folder. The Security tab shows users and groups with rights to a file or foder above, and the bottom section allows you to determine what permissions that person or group has. You can change the permissions in either section. However, Simple File Sharing in XP will disable the Security tab and therefore is not recommended for business use. You can disable that in Computer or My Computer or in Windows Explorer with Tools | Folder Options | View (tab) | scroll to bottom | clear the checkmark for Use Simple File Sharing.

Encryption and compression are available since Windows 2000 and later on drives formatted with the NTFS file system. To set these options for a file or folder in Windows, you can use Windows Explorer or the command-line programs Compact (to compress a file) or Cipher (to encrypt a file). To select or deselect the archive attribute, or to set encryption or compression options on a drive using the NTFS file system, click the Advanced button underneath Properties in Windows Explorer. Select Compression to reduce the disk space used by the file, or Encryption to restrict access to only the system’s administrator or the user who encrypted the file. Files can be compressed or encrypted, but not both. If you are encrypting the file, Windows recommends that you encrypt the folder containing the file (which will also encrypt the file). Only the user who originally encrypted the file (or the system’s Administrator) can open an encrypted file and view its contents. Only the Administrator ca

Windows does not automatically make sure that a new file is placed at the end of the previous file when writing to hard drives, and as files are added, deleted, expanded or contracted, the space between files grows. Windows also does not make sure that files stay in a consecutive series of locations, and sometimes will scatter a file all over a hard drive. This slows down the computer, as the hard drive must jump all over the drive locations to retrieve file data, a problem which grows with time. Therefore, disk defragmentation tool has been included to help regain lost read/write performance. Defragment can be run in the following ways:     • From the Accessories menu’s System Tools submenu (Disk Defragmenter)     • From a drive’s properties sheet’s Tools tab (Defragment Now)     • From the command line (a feature introduced in Windows XP): defrag (type defrag /? for options) The XP/2000 defragmenters and many third party defragmentation programs have an Analyze feature to

ATTRIB, a comand-line application, shows you details about the metadata of a file; whether it can be changed (R), if it has been archived (A), if it is a System file (S) and if it is Hidden (H) from appearing in Windows Explorer and with DIR.  + Sets an attibute, and - clears it; /S alters files in the current directory and subdirectories beneath it, and /D modifies folders as well as files. The Recovery Console in XP and 2000 doesn't have the /S or /D options but instead offers +C to compress a file and -C to extract a file from compression. Windows Explorer allows you to right-click on a file, select Properties from the Context Menu which appears, and then see and change the attributes in lieu of using ATTRIB from the command line. Extensions are the part of the file name following the last period. Files with the extensions .BAT, .CMD, .COM and .EXE can be run from the command line prompt, and are considered Executable; other files in the system are consider Data files, eve

Ever since XP, Windows supports LFN, long file and folder names. They cab be as long as  255 characters and can have spaces and most other alphanumeric characters, except for illegal characters which are:  \ / : * ? " < > | Names of files can have more than one period, but only the characters after the last period are considered the 'extension'; applications commonly have one or more default extension types, such as .DOC for Word, .XLS for Excel, and .HTML or .HTM for web browsers.   So operating systems like DOS which don't have LFN support can access files , Windows also stores a DOS alias (also known as the MS-DOS name) as well as the LFN when a file or folder is created.  The DOS alias name is created from the first six letters of the LFN, replacing illegal characters with an underscore, removing spaces, and ignoring additional periods in the LFN. To distinguish between different files with the same DOS alias names, the first DOS alias name in a

Ping is another networking command, and simply shows if you can connect to a specified address (wither a numeric address such as 8.8.8.8, an open Google DNS server, or www.google.com), as well how long (in thousandths of a second, or milliseconds) it takes for a signal to go through the internet to a specified address and back again. It uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) and shows any loss of data packets (which in general mean a serious problem), as well as the quickest, slowest, and mean average times for a round-trip. Some servers and networks won't reply to a ping for security purposes, and ping can be abused to flood a targeted machine or network with so many pings it can't do anything else (a Denial-Of-Service Attack). The term can also be used to mean any connection test not using ICMP, and video game servers often send a similar test using UDP (the Universal Datagram Protocol) to test the quality of an internet connection to a gaming console.

http://www.zdnet.com/blog/hardware/dropbox-bolsters-client-software-security/16140?tag=nl.e019

One of the commands _not_ inherited from MS-DOS is ipconfig which shows yr PC's current IP address, subnet mask & default gateway, as well as the DNS servers used and other networking information.  Ipconfig /all shows it all; ipconfig omits DNS and other information, and ipconfig /? shows available options. Many machines have multiple network adapters, so when using ipconfig. make sure to look for the networking connection currently in use. IPv6 is inevitably coming, someday, but nearly all connections use IPv4 and that's the data you should look at now. On networks where the IP address is assigned by a server using DHCP, ipconfig /release followed by ipconfig /renew obtains a new IP address lease and solves some networking fail-to-connect problems.

These commands of the Windows Command Prompt are built into CMD.EXE and do not need to load from an external file: DATE, TIME, COPY, DEL, ERASE, DIR, MD, MKDIR, CD, CHDIR, RD, RMDIR,  VER, VOL, SET, PROMPT, PATH, ECHO, CLS, HELP and TYPE.  Command-prompt functions and utilities can be used to operate on a group of files with similar names by using one of the following wildcard symbols:  ? replaces a single character, and you can use ??? to find any three characters, excluding two or four characters.   * replaces a group of characters.

Invoke the command prompt to run DOS-style apps primarily for diagnosis, repair, and troubleshooting.   You can start a command-prompt session in Windows by clicking on the Command Prompt option in the Start menu; it’s usually located in the Accessories menu on most versions of Windows. But it’s faster to use the Run command: • In Windows XP/2000—Click Start > Run . Then, type cmd and click OK . • In Windows Vista/7—Click Start type cmd , and then press Enter , or press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to run in elevated mode (might be necessary for some commands). • In any version—Click  {Win-R}  HELP shows a list of commands you can use at the Command Prompt, and HELP NAMEOFPROGRAM or NAMEOFPROGRAM /? shows more details about that particular command. Some of those programs are embedded in CMD.EXE but other apps are executables and reside in other .EXE or .COM files.

Windows provides two ways to work with folders (also called directories): visually, through Windows Explorer (which you also start by using the Computer / My Computer icons), or at the command line (MKDIR/MD, CHDIR/CD, RMDIR/RD).   To navigate between folders in Windows Explorer, follow these procedures: • To view the subfolders (subdirectories) in a folder (directory), click the plus (+) sign next to the folder name in the left pane of Windows Explorer. • To view the contents of a folder (including files and other folders), click the folder in the left pane of Windows Explorer. The contents of the folder appear in the right pane. • To navigate to the previous view, click the left-hand arrow above the address bar. • To move to the next view, click the right-hand arrow. • To navigate to the next higher folder in the folder hierarchy, click the up-arrow/folder button. To create a new folder in Windows Explorer, follow these steps: Open the folder in whi

Follow these steps to determine what file system was used to prepare a Windows hard drive: Step 1. Open Windows Explorer. Step 2. Right-click the drive letter in the Explorer Window and select Properties . Step 3. The Properties sheet for the drive will list FAT32 for a drive prepared with FAT32, and NTFS for a drive prepared with NTFS. Convert.exe Windows includes the command-line Convert.exe program to enable users to change the current FAT32 file system on a drive to NTFS without reformatting the drive (which would wipe out all of the information on the drive).  To convert a drive’s file system using Convert.exe, follow these steps: Step 1. Open a command-prompt window. (For Windows Vista, refer to the options that follow this list.) Step 2. Type Convert x: /fs:ntf s and press Enter. Note: The x: is a variable. Replace it with the drive you want to convert, for example c:, d:, f:, and so on. To see advanced options for Conve

Partitions hold file systems, which describe how data and drives are put together and work. Windows file systems determine: • The rules for how large a logical drive (drive letter) can be, and whether the hard disk can be used as one big drive letter, several smaller drive letters, or must be multiple drive letters. • How efficiently a system stores data; the less wasted space, the better. • How secure a system is against tampering. • Whether a drive can be accessed by more than one operating system. Windows normally use two different file systems for hard disks, FAT32 and NTFS, plus the original FAT12 aka FAT for floppy disks and file systems for CD and DVD discs. FAT32 FAT32 was introduced in 1995, replacing the earlier FAT16, and is supported by Windows Vista, XP, and 2000, although NTFS is preferred. FAT32 has the following characteristics: • The 32-bit file allocation table, which allows for 268,435,456 entries (2 32 ) per drive. Remember, an e

http://www.mobilemag.com/2011/11/08/republic-wireless-19month-unlimited-plan-has-soft-caps  details a $19/mo cellphone plan for a $199 Android cellphhone ($99 w/ the discount code “welcome19″) running version 2.3 aka 'Ice Cream".  This depends on using WiFi to talk most of the time, with 'soft' limits of  550 minutes, 150 texts, and 300MB of data  which you should not exceed when you're on 3G cellular; no limits apply when you're on WiFi. The phone is basic but decent, and if most of your time is spent inside where there's WiFi, it's an intriguing deal.

Although you can use text-based applications like FDISK to prepare and configure hard drives, the Disk Management snap-in of the Computer Management console is easier to use.  To launch it, right-click on Computer / My Computer | Manage | and in the left-hand task pane, click on Disk Management. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc738101(WS.10).aspx provides more information on disk status results from Disk Management. You can also use the app to give names to paths within NTFS folders:     Right-click the partition or volume you want to mount and select Change Drive Letters and Paths. In the displayed window click Add. Then browse to the empty folder you wish to mount the volume to, and click OK for both windows. Vista and 7 allow changing the partition without destroying data; you need thirst party utilities to do that with XP and earlier systems.

Hard drives (whether PATA, SATA or SCSI) and drive-like drvices (such as USB Flash Memory Drives) must be partitioned before use (although the latter are preformatted before packaging). Repartitioning destroys any data on the drive so BE CAREFUL. A partition determines if a drive can boot a PC, how many drive letters the hard disk can have, and whether space is set aside for future or other use. Once the partition is created, it defines a drive letter for the logical drive. Phyisical and logical drives must then be formatted to build the file system before they can hold data. Only a primary partition can be bootable and it can only have one drive letter. Only one primary partition can be active in a Windows PC. If you have a simple system, that's all you need, and most systems are set up this way. Extended partitions can't boot and don't have drive letters themselves, but you can create one or more logical drives which then can be formatted. These partitions can hol

Start | Shut Down | Hibernate makes (or replaces) a file from 250MB to 1GB+ in the root named hiberfile.sys and it can be deleted after reviving with no risk. It should be deleted before defragging with the stock defragmenter as it can't be moved or reorganized. XP and 2000 can clear it with Start | Settings | Control Panel | Power Options | Hibernate | and clear the Enable Hibernation tickbox. Check that tickbox on to allow Hibernation once more. In Vista do {Win+R} CMD powercfg.exe/hibernate off to disable and {Win+R} CMD powercfg.exe/hibernate on to reenable hibernation. Another root file which can't be moved or reorganized is pagefile.sys  which is used to temporarily hold the contents of memory when apps and processes exceed the available memory.  {Win+R} CMD attrib -s -h pagefile.sys  followed by del pagefile.sys can delete it, but please only do that immediately using the Control Panel | System | Advanced | Performance | Settings | Advanced | Virtual m

Windows 2000 and XP has their own backup app; launch it with   Start | Accessories | System Tools | Backup   pick Emergency Repair Disk then on the following screen select Registry back up the Registry. For NT, load a formatted and blank disk when requested to create that Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) which does not have the Registry since it can be larger than 20MB but instead stores a Registry copy in \WinNT\Repair\RegBack. Windows XP backup is more thorough and also backs up boot files, the COM+ Class Registration database and Windows File Protection guarded files, in a larger package called the System State. Instead of only a floppy plus copy to hard drive, this backup can be stored on tape, an external hard disk, or removable media. Vista offers three Registry backup options: The Backup Status and Configuration app performs a complete backup including the Registry.  The System Restore wizard backs up the Registry when a new restore point is made. REGEDIT can export the

Multiple files under the default Windows folder in a subdirectory named SYSTEM32\CONFIG  (so that's normally C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\CONFIG) make up the Windows Registry. The files closely, but not exactly, match up with sections of the Registry. — default.LOG has the .DEFAULT data from HKEY_USERS — SAM.LOG keeps some of the Security Account Manager information from      HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SAM  (Beware: there are no user-editable keys, and don’t erase the matching Registry files!) — SECURITY.LOG is the file with the remainder of the Security Account Manager database from HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY   (Beware: there are no user-editable keys, and don’t erase the matching Registry files!) — SOFTWARE.LOG has the settings from the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE — system.LOG has HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM Each user which has booted on that machine also has: — NTUSER.DAT.LOG for most preference settings in the \Documents and Settings\username folder for that user — UsrClass.dat.L

When your PC finishes the Power-On Self Test and the 'bootstrap loader' of its system Basic Input Output System (BIOS) reads the NTLDR file from the root directory of the default Windows drive, it checks BOOT.INI (same location) to show you how many versions of Windows are available, and waits for the specified time for you to choose, before it starts the default version by loading its startup files.  Then, it has NTDETECT.COM check for installed hardware and puts a list of same in the Registry before it loads the Windows Kernel NTOSKRNL.EXE with its Hardware Abstraction Layer HAL.DLL into memory then passes control to it after getting the device drivers which match your PC's hardware.  If your PC's Windows drive is SCSI and its host adapter is missing an enabled BIOS onboard, it also has to call NTBOOTDD.SYS, but that's pretty rare since modern PCs almost all use Serial ATA or Parallel ATA drives (aka 'IDE') and many of the newer SCSI adapters have t

Boot.ini is a file n the default boot drive (even if Windows is installed on a different drive letter) which configures how to start XP, and is very specifically formatted.   It can be edited by Notepad or  MSConfig ,   or Bootcfg can revise it from wither Windows XP or from the XP Recovery Console. The [boot loader] section specifies how long XP waits for an override command to start loading the default OS. The [operating systems] section specifies the name to call each version of Windows on the system, and in which partition of which hard drive to find each.  Do NOT alter boot.ini unless your PC won't boot, and if that strikes, the Microsoft Knowledge Base for XP should be your first stop to look for solutions.

The Vista/7 boot sequence must  have these files undisturbed to boot. Many, many other files are also needed for Windows to work even semi-well, but these are essential : Bootmgr  the OS loader needed to start the OS, replacing NTLDR BCD  is in \boot\bcd and is an updated-for-EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) version of boot.ini which tells the Boot Manager about the OS and which can be altered with MSCONFIG or by bcdedit.exe Ntoskrnl.exe Bootmgr tells it to take over booting, which it completes doing Hal.dll The Hardware Abstraction Layer, a go-between from different system hardware to Windows The Registry's SYSTEM Key Defines the system configuration Device drivers ( many ) Listed as need-to-load in the Registry Likewise, XP has its own essentials: NTLDR  the OS loader needed to start the OS  Boot.ini   tells the Boot Manager about the OS and how to load up; edit with notepad.exe at yr risk! Ntdetect.com  Detects your PC's hardware Ntoskrnl.exe  NTLDR